5/7/2023 0 Comments Rf online skin palmas set![]() The association between tobacco smoking and cancer was demonstrated by Sir Richard Doll in 1950. Tobacco remains available as a consumer product because of its addictive properties and as a result of global market strategy that aggressively targets low- and middle-income countries. Half the people that smoke, about 650 million people, will eventually be killed by tobacco. The WHO-Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC) as a cancer prevention tool Tobacco is the largest preventable cause of death in the world, killing more than five million people annually. ![]() This discussion will give an overview of these studies that are ongoing through the EDRN as well as to touch on other fluid based biomarker profiles being investigated outside of the US. Some of the novel markers including osteopontin may have both early detection and prognostication potential. Innovative platforms which are now beginning to extend to fluids includes the profiling of glycosylated moieties, circulating RNA expression profiles, and microRNA profiles. Novel lung cancer markers include methylation profiles in the serum and the sputum and the annexins. For mesothelioma these markers include soluble mesothelin related protein and osteopontin, both of which have been shown to have potential to distinguish asbestos exposed individuals from those with the disease. The Early Detection Research Network of the National Cancer Institute has sponsored Biomarker Discovery and Validation Laboratories in the United States for both mesothelioma and lung cancer, and some of the markers which have been investigated through epigenetic screening, proteomic platforms including autoantibody arrays, MALDI and SELDI platforms, and genomic microarray profiles are in the process of validation using reference sets. Crucial to any discussion of biomarker discovery is the methods by which the specimens were obtained, processed, and archived, as well as the ability to obtain cohorts through which these biomarkers can be validated. The inability, specifically in lung cancer, to be able to obtain tissue easily leads investigators to explore the use of serum, plasma, pleural effusion, sputum, and occasionally urine for biomarker discovery. Progress in the determination of early detection, classification, prognostication, and response to therapy markers for thoracic malignancies parallels the explosion of novel technologies in genomics and proteomics. ![]() Antismoking program remains, however, the best option for decreasing the epidemics of lung cancer deaths. Lately, personilized treatment based on the newest information on the molecular biology of lung cancer has emerged as a treatment option. ![]() Radiotherapy was introduced in the 1940s and antineoplastic chemotherapy in the 1960s, with increasing use of all three modalities since then. With respect to treatment, the first successful lobectomy was performed in 1908 and pneumonectomy in 1933. Over one million people die from lung cancer each year. Presently, approximately 11 million new cases of cancers are diagnosed each year, of which one in eight is lung cancer. In the early 20th century, physicians recognised lung cancer as an uncommon and untreatable disease – a picture that has since changed dramatically. In the early 16th century, the disease entity was first described in the miners of schneeberg as Morbus metallicorum imprimis pulmonum. The link between tobacco smoke and lung cancer was shown in 1930 by Roffo and the preponderance of smokers among lung cancer patients was demonstrated in epidemiologic studies in subsequent years. Estimate for its first dates of cultivation in the Peruvian/Equadorian Andes ranges from 5000 to 3000 BC, from where its use spread northwards on the American continent and later to Europe. The history of lung cancer is closely related to the tobacco plant, which is native only to the Americas.
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